Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Towards a European union gender equality index. Christiano, T. (2012). Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Get full access to this article. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Evidence from Romania. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Berkeley: University of California Press. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. New York: Verso. Political liberalism. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. (2004). Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Proportional Representations Pros and Cons | APECSEC.org And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). This photo shows the founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus, which at the time of its founding in 1971 had only thirteen members. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. (1995). When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. By making the decision-making process more . Democracy and the new separation of powers. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Democracy With Adequate Representation. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Descriptive Research | A Systematic Search Method Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. - 136.243.94.45. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. That's pretty straightforward. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. The politics of presence. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Democracy and disagreement. therefore, it is used by various industries Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Barry, B. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. (2014). You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Weldon, L. S. (2002). At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Vibert, F. (2007). Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. - Volume 55 Issue 2. Fraser, N. (2013). She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. A contingent yes. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. (1998). In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Quantitative Methodology. Sawer, M. (2002). Would perfect mobility be perfect? It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - ResearchGate Kymlicka, W. (1993). In K. Ross (Ed. October 2004. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. 14 Crucial Pros and Cons of Representative Democracy Swain, C. M. (1993). In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. References. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Williams, M. S. (1998). The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Limits of Descriptive Representation - Didier Ruedin It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research - ConnectUS Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. 1. Pros and Cons List Template | Miro Justice and the politics of difference. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . PDF The Symbolic Bene ts of Descriptive and Substantive Representation It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. A main aspect of marginalization. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons - Verint The Pros and Cons of Writing Description - Helping Writers Become Authors Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Sex and social justice. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. PDF Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Congress: Evidence from This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Towards a European union gender equality index. Democratic political theory. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. People still have a voice. Descriptive Research Design - Methods, Advantages & Disadvantages The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. in or register, Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Descriptive Representation In The United States - 461 Words | Bartleby Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. 2. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Young, I. M. (1994). One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Emerald: Bingley. Cornell, D. (1998). Showing Comparison with Pros and Cons PowerPoint Diagrams Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Feminizing politics. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Pages 491-507. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. New York: Colombia University Press. 3. In our current system, voters are given one vote to . PDF Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. Pros. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Phillips, A. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Phillips, A. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Nothing bores me faster than description.. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. Institutionalizing intersectionality. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. blurted this. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. 1. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Substantive and Descriptive Representation in Swiss Cantons There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Tannen, D. (1994). This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter.
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